Scaffold Manufacturing using Additive manufacturing methods

 

  

 

A Report on various methods for manufacturing scaffolds (AM process).

 

 

1.    Stereolithography

 

 

Material Used	Process parameters	ECM	Characterization	In vitro cell line	Application	Reference
6% Mg-substituted wollastonite (CaSiO3-Mg6)	Pore height(200,320,450,600)	-	X ray, μCT, SEM	No invitro   But in vivo was performed on rabbits	Bone tissue regeneration	Ronghuan Wu, Yifan Li, Miaoda Shen, Xianyan Yang, Lei Zhang, Xiurong Ke, Guojing Yang, Changyou Gao, Zhongru Gou, Sanzhong Xu, Bone tissue regeneration: The role of finely tuned pore architecture of bioactive scaffolds before clinical translation, Bioactive Materials, Volume 6, Issue 5, 2021,Pages 1242-1254, ISSN 2452-199X,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.11.003.
polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA)	Concentraion changes	Tendon extracellular matrix	3D-pPES	Mesenchymal stem cell	bone regeneration in BTE	Luo, Y., Pan, H., Jiang, J., Zhao, C., Zhang, J., Chen, P., Lin, X., Fan, S. Desktop-Stereolithography 3D Printing of a Polyporous Extracellular Matrix Bioink for Bone Defect Regeneration (2020) Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 8, art. no. 589094, .
polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA)	honokiol (Hon) was suspended in some scaffolds some did not contain honokiol (Hon)	decellularized cartilage	µ-CT, Rats	Direct in-Vivo application	Cartilage regeneration	Zhu, S., Chen, P., Chen, Y., Li, M., Chen, C., Lu, H. 3D-Printed Extracellular Matrix/Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate Hydrogel Incorporating the Anti-inflammatory Phytomolecule Honokiol for Regeneration of Osteochondral Defects (2020) American Journal of Sports Medicine, 48 (11), pp. 2808-2818.
corneal stromal cells	Change in concentration of gelatin methacrylate (GelMA)	gelatin methacrylate (GelMA)	Cytocomptability, immunohistochemistry	-	Cornea stomal tissue regeneration	Mahdavi, S.S., Abdekhodaie, M.J., Kumar, H., Mashayekhan, S., Baradaran-Rafii, A., Kim, K. Stereolithography 3D Bioprinting Method for Fabrication of Human Corneal Stroma Equivalent (2020) Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 48 (7), pp. 1955-1970.
45S5 bioactive glass	Change in concentraion of bioglass and photo curable polymers	-	Strength, spectrography	-	Bone tissue engineering	Kang, J.-H., Jang, K.-J., Sakthiabirami, K., Oh, G.-J., Jang, J.-G., Park, C., Lim, H.-P., Yun, K.-D., Park, S.-W. Mechanical properties and optical evaluation of scaffolds produced from 45S5 bioactive glass suspensions via stereolithography (2020) Ceramics International, 46 (2), pp. 2481-2488.

 

 

 

2.    Selective Laser Sintering

 

 

 

Material Used	Process parameters	Characterization	Application	Reference
poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA)	Change concentration dexamethasone (Dex)	HPLC tests, strength	Bone tissue engineering	Sun, Z., Wu, F., Gao, H., Cui, K., Xian, M., Zhong, J., Tian, Y., Fan, S., Wu, G. A Dexamethasone-Eluting Porous Scaffold for Bone Regeneration Fabricated by Selective Laser Sintering (2020) ACS Applied Bio Materials, 3 (12), pp. 8739-8747.
PA12/HA	Graded structure with different lattice units	Strength with numerical and experimental study	Tissue engineering	Li, J., Zhao, Z., Yan, R., Yang, Y. Mechanical properties of graded scaffolds developed by curve interference coupled with selective laser sintering (2020) Materials Science and Engineering C, 116, art. no. 111181, .
polycaprolactone (PCL)	In situ NaCl concentration	Strength, degradation of scaffold	Tissue engineering	Meng, Z., He, J., Cai, Z., Zhang, M., Zhang, J., Ling, R., Li, D. In-situ re-melting and re-solidification treatment of selective laser sintered polycaprolactone lattice scaffolds for improved filament quality and mechanical properties (2020) Biofabrication, 12 (3), art. no. 035012, .

 

 

 

3.    Ink Jet

 

 

Material Used	Process parameters	Characterization	Application	Reference
bacterial cellulose(BC)/hydroxyapatite (HA)	Different concentrations of BC nanoparticles in an aqueous solution of CaCl2 and Na2 HPO4	Microstructure and functional groups	Bone tissue engineering	Turlybekuly, A., Sagidugumar, A., Otarov, Y., Magazov, N., Pogrebnjak, A., Savitskaya, I., Akatan, K., Kistaubayeva, A., Talipova, A. Bacterial cellulose/hydroxyapatite printed scaffolds for bone engineering (2020) Springer Proceedings in Physics, 244, pp. 1-7.
Sodium alginate (bio ink )	Pore size	Degradation, porosity	Tissue engineering	Lv, C., Zhu, L., Shi, J., Li, Z., Tang, W., Liu, T., Yang, J. The fabrication of tissue engineering scaffolds by inkjet printing technology (2018) Materials Science Forum, 934 MSF, pp. 129-133.

 

 

 

4.    Fused Deposited Model (FDM)

 

Material Used	Process parameters	In vitro	Characterization	Application	Reference
polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) filament coated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)	Extruded depositions, speed and nozzle diameter	-	Degradation, SEM, strength	soft tissue engineering	Park, S.J., Lee, J., Choi, J.W., Yang, J.H., Lee, J.H., Lee, J., Son, Y., Ha, C.W., Lee, N.-K., Kim, S.H., Park, S.-H. Additive manufacturing of the core template for the fabrication of an artificial blood vessel: the relationship between the extruded deposition diameter and the filament/nozzle transition ratio (2021) Materials Science and Engineering C, 118, art. no. 111406, .
biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP)	Change in pore size	-	Strength, porosity	Bone tissue engineering	Sa, M.-W., Choi, S.H., Kim, J.Y. New fabrication method of bio-ceramic scaffolds based on mould using a FDM 3D printer (2018) Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering, 35 (10), pp. 957-963
polycaprolactone (PCL) and strontium substituted nanohydroxyapatite (SrHA)	Concentration	cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay using MSC	Chemical properties TEM, SEM, XRD	Bone tissue engineering	Liu, D., Nie, W., Chen, L., Wang, W., Tao, L., Du, H., He, C. Strontium Substituted Nanohydroxyapatite Incorporated 3D Printing Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering (2018) Journal of Donghua University (English Edition), 35 (1), pp. 18-23